On September 24, 1941, shortly after the Nazi Germans’ successful 45-day battle for Kiev, Red Army engineers exploded a number of land mines that had been pre-positioned in key buildings in the city center. Later, as deputy supreme commander to Stalin, Zhukov helped to oversee the Soviet battle for Stalingrad (1942-1943), seized the strategic initiative at Kursk (1943), and directed part of the 1944-1945 offensives into Poland and Germany — including the hard-fought capture of Berlin. September 7-8: Some 200 RAF planes mount the biggest air raid to date on Germany’s capital of Berlin. They represented all arms and services, including the chief of the general staff and the heads of the Soviet air force and maritime forces. Joseph Stalin appointed himself commissar of defense and supreme commander of the Soviet armed forces. Nazi German forces seize Kiev, Russia: Prepared to defend Kiev on a street-by-street basis, the Soviets constructed an extensive system of trenches, bunkers, and roadblocks. Sabotage and reprisals in Kiev, Russia: After bombarding Kiev’s defenses for six weeks, units of Army Group South entered the city on September 19. Five days later, massive explosions destroyed the Nazi German headquarters in the Hotel Continental, together with many other Nazi German-occupied buildings.

Adolf Hitler insists on autumn offensive: On September 30, 1941, Field Marshal Rundstedt’s Army Group South advanced to seize Kharkov, cross the lower Don, and reach the Caucasus oil fields. However, when the panzers of Army Group South reached Kiev on July 11, they bypassed it to the south to avoid becoming embroiled in street fighting. Soviet partisans make main impact through raids and sabotage: Soviet partisan groups were initially offshoots of the many Red Army units cut off by the Nazi German advance in 1941. However, being untrained in guerrilla warfare, they were very vulnerable. Enigma machines used in Nazi German headquarters: Regarded by the Nazi Germans as being entirely secure, the Enigma encoding and decoding machines were used in the major headquarters of all three services of the Wehrmacht, as well as by the SS, the Abwehr, and the Reichsbahn (the German state railways). In the photo above, General Heinz Guderian, in his armored command vehicle, stands beside an early three-rotor Enigma machine.

The Nazi German military command blamed the Jewish population for this act of sabotage, and about 34,000 of Kiev’s Jews were summarily executed in a reprisal action that became known as the Babi Yar massacre. While Einsatzgruppen would go on to execute hundreds of thousands of Jews during the war, Babi Yar was the largest individual massacre. During the war, Pound made hundreds of anti-American radio broadcasts. The devastation was enormous, with hundreds of German troops killed or severely injured and 25,000 Kiev residents left homeless. On September 16, they joined with the southern arm of Army Group Center 120 miles east of Kiev — thereby encircling the city and Soviet general Mikhail Kirponos’s armies. September 5: The Soviet Union evacuates all children under age 12 from the capital of Moscow as Nazi German troops move toward the city. As airfoils move through a fluid, like air, they generate a force called lift.

Several human rights organizations have called the Syrian Civil War the worst humanitarian crisis of the 21st century. The 1963 Syrian coup d’état had as one of its key objectives the seizure of the Al-Kiswah military camp, home to the 70th Armored Brigade. In one of the halls were Hizume floorboards that were designed to be very noisy to alert guards of intruders. Field Marshal: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with crossed baton above the wreath in silver. Individual tabs are also worn as small metal arches above or below medals or ribbons on dress uniforms. The area and scope of their activities were, due to their specificity, limited, and the scale of the threat from the desert areas during the first two centuries of the empire – small. So after Charlemagne’s death, the empire was divided into three under Charlemagne’s grandsons Louis the German, Charles the Bald and Lothair. We never know what’s going to happen or when we’ll die, which is why we create wills and estate plans in the first place. Who wants to know? When you watch a news story that involves an arrest, you may hear something like, “Bail was set at $100,000.” Bail money is set to ensure that the person who is charged with the crime shows up in court.